Dardedar wrote:Indium Flappers wrote:What say ye fair forum-goers to
this article from the Independent Review?
Horrible.
Thank you.
Dardedar wrote:Do today’s retirees understand that they would have a pension two, three, or more times larger than their Social Security pension if they had been allowed to invest their FICA taxes in stocks?
Bush ran on privatizing SS. Then his DOW tanked from 14k to 6.6k. Stocks are fun and I own several, but they are risky. SS isn't.
You don't address their claim. Is it true that "today’s retirees ... would have a pension two, three, or more times larger than their Social Security pension if they had been allowed to invest their FICA taxes in stocks"?
Dardedar wrote:Despite Social Security’s monumental impact on the lives of ordinary Americans, it is probably the most poorly understood government program.
And these guys aren't helping with their idiotic misinformation. Speaking of bad sources, Mises is simply terrible, horrible. Be very skeptical.
So I intend. In that vein, I would be tickled azule to see any peer-reviewed literature you can provide as a refutation.
Also, I notice you don't mention Forbes, which I also linked to. Do you consider them to be a good source?
Dardedar wrote:They make the common claim that Social Security is a Ponzi Scheme,...
Revealing in spades they don't know what they are talking about. Let's smack this one now (then I'm off to bed). SSA has a very nice explanation of exactly why SS is not a Ponzi scheme, check it out:
http://www.ssa.gov/history/ponzi.htm
Excerpt:
"There is no unsustainable progression driving the mechanism of a pay-as-you-go pension system, and so it is not a pyramid or Ponzi scheme.
If the demographics of the population were stable, then a pay-as-you-go system would not have demographically-driven financing ups and downs, and no thoughtful person would be tempted to compare it to a Ponzi arrangement. However, since population demographics tend to rise and fall, the balance in pay-as-you-go systems tends to rise and fall as well. This vulnerability to demographic ups and downs is one of the problems with pay-as-you-go financing. But this problem has nothing to do with Ponzi schemes or any other fraudulent form of financing; it is simply the nature of pay-as-you-go systems." --ibid
Shoot, I see that link doesn't work. I'll find the article tomorrow, or you can snoop around. This politifact article gives a
nice summary. Also this
article. I guess the SSA article is toast.
Thank you for the articles. Let me run through them and provide some thoughts:
Ezra Klein's article in the Washington Post:
So, Ponzi schemes. The best way to understand this question is to think about what the word “Ponzi scheme”actually refers to.
Sounds good.
In the 1920s, Charles Ponzi thought he had figured out a way to game an inconsistency between the Italian and American postal systems. He hadn’t. But rather than return his investor’s money, he told them his scheme was working, and used his salesmanship to recruit other investors. He used that money to pay back his first investors, and then flaunted his success -- and the testimonials of his happy investors -- to rope in more suckers. He used their money to pay back the second set of investors, and so on. Eventually, he couldn’t find enough new investors to pay back the swollen ranks of old investors and the scheme fell apart.
In other words: A Ponzi scheme is generally a system in which investors think they’re investing in something real but are instead being used to pay one another back. Eventually, the scheme runs out of new investors and collapses.
Matches what I've read elsewhere.
Here’s how the Social Security Administration -- which, somewhat touchingly, has a whole web page explaining why its not a Ponzi scheme -- describes Social Security: “It would be most accurate to describe Social Security as a transfer payment--transferring income from the generation of workers to the generation of retirees--with the promise that when current workers retire, there will be another generation of workers behind them who will be the source of their Social Security retirement payments.”
Seems quite accurate, and again appears to match what I've read elsewhere.
The superficial similarity to a Ponzi scheme is that different sets of investors are relying on future investors, or at least future growth, to get paid back. But that defines a Ponzi scheme so broadly as to make the term meaningless. In that definition, any intergenerational transfer system is a Ponzi scheme.
They appear to be rather intelligent. Indeed, in that definition any system in which former investors are relying on the payments of future investors would certainly quack like a Ponzi scheme.
What makes a Ponzi scheme a Ponzi scheme is that it’s a giant fraud. People think they’re investing in postal stamps. Their money is actually being invested in nothing. In Social Security, conversely, it’s perfectly clear what is going on. Every year, Social Security’s actuaries release an insanely detailed report on the system’s finances, its balance of payments, the potential problems it could face, and so on. You can read their report here. In a Ponzi scheme, the finances are a secret, and that’s central to the enterprise. In Social Security, they are, as a matter of law, public.
This is an excellent point. In speaking with retirees, it has seemed to me that they tend to be largely ignorant of how the system actually works, but perhaps that is simply from watching too much Fox News. Perhaps we simply need better education of how the system works. Far be it from me to suggest that our benign government simply doesn't care to make sure people know how it works and is content to leave the responsibility to them.
After all, if you sign a contract, it's completely your responsibility to read it and understand it, right? The fact that you have no idea what you're involved in is no indication that it's a scam.
Indeed, Social Security has a much more obvious financing structure than, well, almost anything else in the government. Consider how the Pentagon gets funded. It has no dedicated funding of its own. No one knows exactly how it will be paid for, or at what level, 20 years from now. Instead, every year, there’s a budget. Every year -- at least recently -- that budget calls for more spending than the government is taking in in taxes. So we just borrow the extra money.
If "Social Security has a much more obvious financing structure than, well, almost anything else in the government", and if, as has been my experience, people don't tend to understand Social Security's financing structure, then I guess this may be a good indication of how some of the less-than-savory qualities of our government have arisen.
Social Security, by contrast, has its own dedicated funding source. It is currently running surpluses, though it won’t be doing so for very much longer. Those surpluses are invested in U.S. Treasuries, which are widely considered the world’s safest investment. As I’ll explain in a moment, it needs adjustments to remain actuarially sound in the future. But compared to almost everything else in the federal government, its path to financial stability is clear.
I would appreciate some demonstration of the claim that U.S. Treasuries are "widely considered the world’s safest investment." For a wee bit of demonstration in the opposite direction, I would cite articles like
so,
such, and
thus. I'm not saying I haven't seen them claimed to be safe, (for Americans),
I have, especially from places like the
Washington Post, which is the source you use here. I'm just saying I'm not sure it's as indisputable as Klein implies.
The other characteristic of Ponzi schemes is that they tend to require huge increases in the number of participants in order to stay afloat. As the Social Security Administration explains, “to pay a 100% profit to the first 1,000 investors you need the money from 1,000 new investors. Now there are 2000 ‘investors’ in the scheme, and in the second round of payouts to pay the same return to these 2,000 investors in the next round, you need the money from 2,000 new investors--bringing the number of participants to 4,000. And to pay these 4,000, you will end up with 8,000 ‘investors,’ then 16,000--and so on.” This type of geometric explosion looks like a pyramid, which is why Ponzi schemes are often called “pyramid schemes.”
Accurate.
Social Security doesn’t look like a pyramid. Quite the opposite, actually. Its current funding shortfall is a product of the baby boomers retiring and birth rates declining. That means more beneficiaries and fewer workers than there were when, say, the boomers were working and their parents were retiring. So Social Security has a funding gap equal to 0.7 percent of GDP over the next 75 years. We could wipe that gap out by lifting the payroll tax cap (right now, payroll taxes only apply to the first $107,000 of income) or by adjusting benefits downwards. Once it’s done, however, it’s done. Stable. Again, quite unlike a Ponzi scheme.
So, the fact that the SS program promised retirees a certain amount of money in benefits and has the ability, which it may likely need to use, to pay retirees less in benefits then they were promised, is a demonstration that they are
not engaging in fraud?
Or is the point simply that such a promise was never made to begin with? Retirees seem to have the perception that such a promise was made.
That essential stability is, perhaps, the most obvious refutation of the Ponzi scheme argument. The Social Security Administration puts it well on its Web site. “The first modern social insurance program began in Germany in 1889 and has been in continuous operation for more than 100 years. The American Social Security system has been in continuous successful operation since 1935. Charles Ponzi’s scheme lasted barely 200 days.”
I confess I have not studied the social insurance program in Germany. Perhaps it is immensely superior to our own, or at least to other alternatives the Germans could possibly use. However, the article I cited makes me doubt the success and preferability of the American Social Security system. I am, obviously, open to further evidence on the matter, seeing as I am participating in this discussion, but the claim alone is hardly sufficient to sate my empiricist appetite.
Politifact article:
This article appears to make the same basic arguments as the other you cited. Namely: a) SS is not a fraud because the pay-as-you-go nature of the system is public knowledge, and b) SS is not a pyramid scheme because, unlike Ponzi's scheme, it is sustainable.
I won't go through the whole article like I did with the other. But in regard to these points:
a) This is, again, an excellent point, but, also again, in my experience the public largely does not appear to possess this public knowledge. The impression I have gotten is that retirees believe that the money they themselves paid into SS was supposed to be held for them to pay for their retirement, and then the government spent it all and switched to a pay-as-you-go system to fund it afterwords. Indeed, until I read the article from the Independent Review, I had a somewhat similar idea of the system myself, and did not fully understand that SS had been a pay-as-you-go system from the get-go.
Here are some results from
a set of surveys conducted by the Social Security Administration, in partnership with Gallup, that give some indication of the level of knowledge people had of the system around 2000. If someone can find more recent results or any alternative studies that have been conducted, I'd be quite grateful.
History of SSA 1993 - 2000 wrote:The overall knowledge level of the adult population did not increase significantly between PUMS-I and PUMS-II. The results of PUMS-II indicate that 56.6% of the public is knowledgeable about Social Security programs as compared to 54.9% in PUMS-I.
In addition, 24.1% of the public is "close to knowledgeable" (e.g., responded correctly to 11 or 12 of the 19 knowledge indicators) in PUMS-II.
Having a little over half the public be "knowledgable about Social Security programs" seems low for the work they've put into education. The page doesn't offer up any data on how many believe SS to be based on trust-funds vs. transfer payments, (I haven't yet been able to find statistics on this, again, if anyone knows of any, I'd be much obliged), but it does offer these numbers:
History of SSA 1993 - 2000 wrote:The following knowledge indicators received scores in PUMS-II that are significantly lower than the corresponding scores received in PUMS-I.
· Use of Social Security Taxes. Knowledge of the use of Social Security taxes fell from 81.1% to 78.0%.
· Fewer Workers, Future. Knowledge about the insufficient number of workers to finance future benefits fell from 60.7% to 57.4%.
and these:
History of SSA 1993 - 2000 wrote:Another significant change between PUMS-I and PUMS-II is an increase in the level of confidence that Social Security benefits will be available for the public when they retire (from 38% to 44%).
Meaning a decrease in "Knowledge of the use of Social Security taxes" and "Knowledge about the insufficient number of workers to finance future benefits" is correlated with "an increase in the level of confidence that Social Security benefits will be available for the public when they retire". I suppose this isn't too surprising, but it does give one pause.
So now the question becomes, does the government have a responsibility to make clear to the public the nature of the SS system? If the answer is yes, then they appear to have shirked this responsibility. Or at least underperformed. If the answer is no, then I will need to devise some new questions for the contingency, because I'd find it surprising to think that someone who believes it to be the government's responsibility to take care of retirees would not think it to be the government's responsibility to accurately inform retirees of how SS works and how they're being taken care of.
b) I think the article I cited addresses this:
Edgar K. Browning ~ Independent Review wrote:A retirement system that finances retirees’ benefits by taxing younger workers’ earnings (as Social Security does) is said to be run on a pay-as-you-go (PAYGO) basis. Because no fund is being accumulated on behalf of the taxpayers, this arrangement is also sometimes called an unfunded system.
A PAYGO system bears an eerie resemblance to a Ponzi scheme (also known as a pyramid scheme), named after Charles Ponzi, who apparently first utilized this scheme to swindle investors. In 1920, Ponzi began to borrow money from investors, promising them a return of 50 percent after only forty-five days. (On an annual compound basis, this is comparable to a return of 2,500 percent!) He paid off the early investors by using the funds provided by later investors (as Social Security paid off early retirees by taxing later retirees—that is, younger workers); he did nothing with the funds to generate such fantastic returns (as Social Security does not invest the taxes paid by workers). Like most pyramid schemes, Ponzi’s system collapsed, leaving the later investors with nothing because their funds had been used to pay off the earlier investors. The entire swindle lasted less than a year. Ponzi pleaded guilty to mail fraud and spent four years in jail. Since that time, pyramid schemes have been illegal.
That is, unless they are run by the federal government, as with Social Security. But differences between privately operated Ponzi schemes and publicly operated PAYGO retirement programs enable Social Security to be a viable system for providing retirement benefits. Notably, the government can force current and future workers to “invest” (by collecting taxes from them), so that retirees can always be assured of incoming funds supplied by younger workers.
Sure, it's sustainable, in a sense. It's sustainable because workers can't opt-out of paying into the system, whether they understand how it works or not. I'd speculate that I could sustain all manner of business practices if I could pay for said practices by taxing people. But is it sustainable in the sense that I'm going to get back about the same value as I paid into the system in taxes when I retire? Are the benefits of the system sustainable? And more importantly, how do the benefits provided by SS compare to alternatives?
SSA article:
I went and found an archived version of the ssa article you cited.
Here you go.
This one does a much better job than the other two articles you offered as substitute, in my opinion. It fairly clearly differentiates between pyramid schemes and transfer-payment programs, arguing that there are substantial structural differences between the two and that SS is an example of the latter. So, I'll concede that SS is a pay-as-you-go system rather than a pyramid scheme, and that, while I still think it shares qualities of a Ponzi scheme, (the qualities specified in the previous block-quote), it is not equivalent.
The ssa article also attempts to address the point that early recipients gained more in benefits than later ones, one of the major points made by the article I cited, by saying this was in the "spirit of public generosity" and that "In the context of the early years of the Social Security program it was an expression of a public policy which held that workers already old should not be turned away penniless." This seems to imply that the "public" was widely made aware of the nature of the system, that they clearly understood it, and that they widely supported it.
This leaves us with the questions of whether the system is sustainable, whether it is preferable to alternatives, and whether it is true that the government did a good job of educating the public in regard to how the system worked. On this note, the ssa article continues:
Social Security is and always has been either a "pay-as-you-go" system or one that was partially advance-funded. Its structure, logic, and mode of operation have nothing in common with Ponzi schemes or chain letters or pyramid schemes.
This leaves me with the impression that my mistake in this whole matter has been the assumption that the administration ever made the claim that contributions from workers and employers would be collected by the federal government and then held in trust for payment of benefits to these workers and their families. After all, here is a fine page now no longer available on a government website explaining that SS has always been a pay-as-you-go system, and not a trust at all.
So, I went and looked up a video I had thought I'd remembered watching at some point. The title of the film is
Your Social Security, and it was produced by the Federal Security Agency sometime in the 1940s, before they became the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare on April 11, 1953. You can watch the full video
at the Internet Archive, or download it from the same place if your prefer.
From about 4:47 to 5:15, the narrator of the video states that:
Your Social Security ~ Federal Security Agency wrote:Contributions, based on your earnings, made regularly by you and millions of your fellow workers, plus equal contributions made by your employers, pay for the program. These contributions are collected by the federal government. The government then holds them in trust for payment of benefits to you and your family.
I see the Social Security Administration has done a lovely job of countering all the "idiotic misinformation" from "right wing nuts" such as silly little claims that payments into SS are not held in trust by the government and that the government has engaged in fraudulent behavior by miseducating the public as to the nature of the system.
Dardedar wrote:but they also give data indicating a rather bleak future for social security recipients
Of course, because these right wing nuts hate SS and always have. And they like to lie about it too.
They provide data because of hatred. Yes of course. Certainly science and truth have nothing to do with it.
SS is solid, and with small tweaks, solid as far as the eye can see.
I am thrilled to be seeing your future demonstration of this. I assume that by "small tweaks" you mean
higher taxes, lower benefits, or some combination thereof?
Dardedar wrote:Are they correct or no?
No. Not even close. But SS can get rather complex, so they have lots of room to cause confusion. Perhaps GW Bush had the most clear explanation on the conservative side:
"Because the — all which is on the table begins to address the big cost drivers. For example, how benefits are calculate, for example, is on the table; whether or not benefits rise based upon wage increases or price increases. There's a series of parts of the formula that are being considered. And when you couple that, those different cost drivers, affecting those — changing those with personal accounts, the idea is to get what has been promised more likely to be — or closer delivered to what has been promised. Does that make any sense to you? It's kind of muddled. Look, there's a series of things that cause the — like, for example, benefits are calculated based upon the increase of wages, as opposed to the increase of prices. Some have suggested that we calculate — the benefits will rise based upon inflation, as opposed to wage increases. There is a reform that would help solve the red if that were put into effect. In other words, how fast benefits grow, how fast the promised benefits grow, if those — if that growth is affected, it will help on the red."
—George W. Bush, explaining his plan to save Social Security, Tampa, Fla., Feb. 4, 2005
Just kidding.
I'm not a conservative, I'm a market anarchist, and I'm more interested in scientific research than I am in quotes from GW Bush. But thank you. I admire someone with a sense of humor.
Dardedar wrote:the idea that people could have been better off had they invested their tax money in stocks
This assumes SS is an investment program. It isn't. It's an insurance program. See how they did that trick?
On the contrary, they claim that investment programs provide better results than SS. Not that SS
is an investment program, but that investment programs are superior. You take their claim that X is better than Y and equate it with the claim that Y is an example of X. I am curious as to the methodology you employed in the invention of such an intriguing interpretation.
Their claim that X is better than Y may, of course, be completely false. But a clear understanding of what claim they are making, as opposed to a rather crippled strawman, would appear to be a healthy first step in refuting their claim.
No?